Anabolic Steroids | Bodybuilding Discussion Forums - Testosterone

Ask the doctor. A year ago, I had an orchiectomy for prostate cancer; my PSA is now 0

basskiller — Sat, 04 Sep 2010 12:30:13 GMT

Harv Heart Lett. 2010 Jul; 20(11): 8
D'Amico AV, Goldhaber SZ

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Reproductive toxicity of methomyl insecticide in male rats and protective effect of f

basskiller — Sat, 04 Sep 2010 12:30:13 GMT

Food Chem Toxicol. 2010 Aug 30;
Shalaby MA, Zorba HY, Ziada RM
The acute toxicity (LD(50)) of insecticide methomyl and its effects on male reproduction in rats were carried out. Methomyl was given orally to male rats daily for 65 successive days at two doses (0.5 and 1.0 mg kg(-1) b.wt., corresponding to 1/40 and 1/20 LD(50)) alone and in combination with folic acid (1.1 mg kg(-1) b.wt., corresponding to acceptable daily intake, ADI). Fertility index, weight of sexual organs, semen picture, serum testosterone level and histopathology of testes were the parameters used to evaluate the reproductive efficiency of treated rats. The reversibility of methomyl effects was also studied after 65 days post-administration. The oral LD(50) of methomyl was 20.0 mg kg(-1) b.wt. in male rats. Methomyl significantly decreased the fertility index, weight of testes and accessory male sexual glands, serum testosterone level and sperm motility and count, but increased sperm cell abnormality. It induced testicular lesions characterized by moderate to severe degenerative changes of seminiferous tubules and incomplete arrest of spermatogenesis. These toxic effects were not persistent (reversible). Coadministrarion of folic acid with methomyl decreased its reproductive toxicity. A great attention should be taken during field application of methomyl to avoid its deleterious effects in farm animals and occupationally exposed humans.

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Comparison of Cytochrome P450 3A Enzymes in Cynomolgus Monkeys and Humans.

basskiller — Sat, 04 Sep 2010 12:30:13 GMT

Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2010; 25(4): 388-91
Iwasaki K, Murayama N, Koizumi R, Uno Y, Yamazaki H
Drug metabolizing activities of cytochromes P450 (P450s, or CYPs) 3A4 and 3A5 in liver microsomes from the cynomolgus monkey [Macaca fascicularis (mf)] were investigated and compared with those of human P450 3A enzymes. Low activities for dealkylation of ethoxyresorufin and pentoxyresorufin were seen in recombinant monkey mfCYP3A4 and mfCYP3A5 and in recombinant human CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 expressed in bacterial membranes. Hydroxylation activities of mfCYP3A4 and mfCYP3A5 toward coumarin, paclitaxel, diclofenac, flurbiprofen, and S-mephenytoin were below detectable levels, as was also true for CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. Monkey mfCYP3A5 and mfCYP3A4 were highly active in bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation. mfCYP3A5 was efficient at dextromethorphan O-demethylation, although human CYP3A5 was unable to catalyze this reaction. Apparent bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation and dextromethorphan O-demethylation activities of monkey liver microsomes were higher than those of human liver microsomes, possibly because of contributions of mfCYP3A5 to these P450 2D-dependent drug oxidations. mfCYP3A5 and CYP3A5 catalyzed midazolam 1'-hydroxylation at a low substrate concentration more efficiently than the corresponding CYP3A4. mfCYP3A5 had higher testosterone 6beta-hydroxylase activity than mfCYP3A4, but the reverse relationship was observed in oxidation of nifedipine and hydroxylation of dexamethasone. These results demonstrate that monkey P450 3A enzymes have similar substrate selectivity to that of human P450 3A enzymes, but exhibit wider substrate selectivity toward P450 2D substrates.

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The number of grafted fragments affects the outcome of testis tissue xenografting fro

basskiller — Sat, 04 Sep 2010 12:30:13 GMT

Vet Med Int. 2010; 2011:
Abbasi S, Honaramooz A
To optimize the procedure for testis tissue xenografting, we grafted 2, 4, 8, or 16 small fragments of immature porcine testis tissue under the back skin of immunodeficient castrated mice (n = 10 mice/group). At 8 months post grafting, the graft recovery rate did not differ between groups; however, not only the total but also the average graft weights were higher (by approximately 12-fold and approximately 2.5-fold, resp.) in mice receiving 16 fragments than those receiving 2 fragments (P < .05). The recipient mice with 16 fragments had the largest vesicular glands (indicators of testosterone release by the grafts) compared with those with 2 fragments (P = .007). The grafts in the group of 16 fragments also had more (P < .05) percentage of tubules with round spermatids than those of the group of mice receiving 2 fragments. Therefore, recipient mice can be grafted with at least 16 testis tissue fragments for optimal results.

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Impact of Moderate Calorie Restriction on the Reproductive Neuroendocrine Axis of Mal

basskiller — Sat, 04 Sep 2010 12:30:13 GMT

Open Longev Sci. 2010; 3(10): 38-47
Sitzmann BD, Mattison JA, Ingram DK, Roth GS, Ottinger MA, Urbanski HF
The impact of moderate calorie restriction on reproductive neuroendocrine function was investigated in young adult male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). The animals were subjected to either 30% calorie restriction (CR; n=5), or were fed a standard control diet (CON; n=5), starting during their peripubertal period. Plasma LH and testosterone concentrations were examined after 7 years of differential dietary treatment, and were found to be similar in both groups, both during the day and during the night. Microarray profiling of pituitary gland and testicular gene expression was performed after 8 years of treatment, using GeneChip(R) Rhesus Macaque Genome Arrays (Affymetrix), and showed very little effect of caloric restriction. Using a 1.5-fold difference threshold, our microarray analysis revealed differential expression of only 145 probesets in the pituitary gland and 260 in the testes, out of a total of >54,000. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR performed on pituitary gland mRNA corroborated the microarray findings for selected modulated genes, including TSH receptor (TSHR) and sperm-specific antigen 2 (SSFA2). Most notably, significantly lower expression of TSH receptor mRNA was observed in the pituitary of CR compared to CON animals. Also, significantly lower expression of the glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit (CGA) was observed in CR animals, and this finding was further corroborated using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. No significant diet-induced changes were detected in the testis for genes associated with reproduction, circadian clocks, or oxidative stress. There is mounting evidence that CR may promote health and longevity in a wide range of organisms, including nonhuman primates. Importantly, our data suggest that moderate CR has no obvious lasting detrimental effect on the reproductive neuroendocrine axis of long-lived primates, and has only a modest influence on pituitary and testicular gene expression.

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Correlation of product ion profiles with molecular structures of androgenic and anabo

basskiller — Sat, 04 Sep 2010 12:30:13 GMT

J Mass Spectrom. 2010 Sep 1;
Guan F, Uboh CE, Soma LR, You Y, Liu Y, Li X
Androgenic and anabolic steroids (AASs) are a class of chemical substances closely related to testosterone in molecular structure. They can be abused to enhance performances in human and equine athletes, and are banned by the sports authorities. To assist with method development for doping analyses of AASs, investigations were conducted to correlate their product ion profiles with the molecular structures. Although very similar in chemical structure, AASs generated noticeably different product ion profiles from collision-induced dissociation (CID). On the basis of both outlines of the product ion profiles and molecular structures, AASs studied were classified into six subclasses. In each subclass, the product ion profiles were identical or similar. However, the product ion profiles in one subclass were remarkably different from those in another. The classification reveals that the position and number of double bond(s) in conjugation with the 3-carbonyl group in the molecular structure of an AAS have significant effects on product ion profile. The presence or absence of the 19-methyl group in an AAS also has a remarkable influence on its product ion profile. A substitution in the A-, B- or D-ring of an AAS may cause a shift in mass value of the product ions. The correlation of product ion profiles with molecular structures of AASs has the implication that each AAS can be characterized by a combination of its [M + H](+) ion and product ion profile and as a result be identified with specificity. The classified product ion pattern may be useful in the identification of unknown AASs. Copyright (c) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Treatment of 161 Men with Symptomatic Late Onset Hypogonadism with Long-Acting Parent

basskiller — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 11:03:49 GMT

J Sex Med. 2010 Aug 30;
Permpongkosol S, Tantirangsee N, Ratana-Olarn K
ABSTRACT Introduction. Elderly men may suffer from late-onset hypogonadism (LOH). The long-term effects of long-acting testosterone undecanoate (TU) in a large number of LOH men have not yet been reported. Aims. We analyzed the effects of normalization of plasma testosterone (T) in LOH men. Methods. The records of 161 men with LOH (baseline T < 300 ng/dL) were reviewed and 100 men had used parenteral TU for >12 months. The mean duration of treatment was 90.6 weeks (54 to 150 weeks). Main Outcome Measures. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, percentage body fat, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and hematocrit were measured. Further the Aging Male Symptoms' scale (AMS) and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5 and 15) were scored. Results. T therapy was associated with a significant decline in waist circumference (P = 0.028) and percentage body fat (P < 0.001), but no change of BMI. Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol declined significantly (P = 0.005 and P = 0.024, respectively), with no significant changes of HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. The scores of sub-scales of AMS (psychological, somotovegetative and sexual factors) decreased (P = 0.044, P = 0.200 and P = 0.071, respectively). The mean IIEF-5 (P = 0.011) and IIEF-15 scores (P = 0.021) improved significantly. Erectile function domain, orgasmic function domain, sexual desire domain, intercourse satisfaction domain, and overall satisfaction domain improved. Median PSA rose from 0.95 (0.640; 1.558) ng/mL to 1.480 (1.015; 2.275) ng/mL (P < 0.001), with 11 patients >4 ng/mL (4.01-13.21). On biopsy there was no evidence for malignancy. The mean hematocrit level increased significantly from 42.3 +/- 3.4% to 47.1 +/- 3.8%. Conclusions. Normalizing serum T in men with LOH resulted in improvement of the metabolic syndrome, mood and sexual functions and appeared acceptably safe. Permpongkosol S, Tantirangsee N, and Ratana-olarn, K. Treatment of 161 men with symptomatic late onset hypogonadism with long-acting parenteral testosterone undecanoate: Effects on body composition, lipids, and psychosexual complaints. J Sex Med **;**:**-**.

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Testosterone and Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis Study.

basskiller — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 11:03:49 GMT

J Sex Med. 2010 Aug 30;
Corona G, Monami M, Rastrelli G, Aversa A, Tishova Y, Saad F, Lenzi A, Forti G, Mannucci E, Maggi M
ABSTRACT Introduction. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is often associated with male hypogonadism. Despite the well-known link, the role of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in MetS has not been completely clarified. Aim. To systematically analyse the relationship between androgen levels and MetS we performed a review and meta-analyses of available prospective and cross-sectional studies. In addition, a specific meta-analysis on the metabolic effects of TRT in available randomized clinical trials (RCTs) was also performed. Methods. An extensive Medline search was performed including the following words "testosterone,""metabolic syndrome," and "males". Main Outcome Measures. Out of 323 retrieved articles, 302 articles were excluded for different reasons. Among the 20 published studies included, 13, 3, and 4 were cross-sectional, longitudinal, and RCTs, respectively. Another unpublished RCT was retrieved on http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Results. MetS patients showed significantly lower T plasma levels, as compared with healthy individuals. Similar results were obtained when MetS subjects with and without erectile dysfunction were analyzed separately or when NCEP-ATPIII MetS criteria were compared with other definitions. Meta-regression analysis demonstrated that type 2 diabetes (T2DM) increased the MetS-associated T fall. In a multiple regression model, after adjusting for age and BMI, both T2DM and MetS independently predicted low testosterone (adj. r = -0.752; P < 0.001 and -0.271; P < 0.05, respectively). Analysis of longitudinal studies demonstrated that baseline testosterone was significantly lower among patients with incident MetS in comparison with controls (2.17 [-2.41;-1.94] nmol/L; P < 0.0001). Combining the results of RCTs, TRT was associated with a significant reduction of fasting plasma glucose, homeostatic model assessment index, triglycerides, and waist circumference. In addition, an increase of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was also observed. Conclusions. The meta-analysis of the available cross-sectional data suggests that MetS can be considered an independent association of male hypogonadism. Although only few RCTs have been reported, TRT seems to improve metabolic control, as well as central obesity.

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Testosterone regulation of Alzheimer-like neuropathology in male 3xTg-AD mice involve

basskiller — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 11:03:49 GMT

Brain Res. 2010 Aug 28;
Pike ER
Normal, age-related depletion of the androgen testosterone is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in men. Previously, we reported that experimental androgen depletion significantly accelerates development of AD-like neuropathology in the 3xTg-AD triple-transgenic mouse model of AD, an effect prevented by androgen treatment. Because testosterone is metabolized in brain into both the androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and the estrogen 17beta-estradiol (E2), testosterone can mediate its effects through androgen and or estrogen pathways. To define the role of androgen and estrogen pathways in regulation of AD-like neuropathology, we compared the effects of testosterone (T) and its metabolites DHT and E2 in male 3xTg-AD mice depleted of endogenous sex steroid hormones by gonadectomy (GDX). Male 3xTg-AD mice were sham GDX or GDX, immediately treated with vehicle, T, DHT, or E2, and 4months later evaluated for two indices of AD-like neuropathology, beta-amyloid (Abeta) accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation. In comparison to sham GDX mice, we observed a significant increase in Abeta accumulation in GDX mice in subiculum, hippocampus, and amygdala. Treatment of GDX mice with T prevented the increased Abeta accumulation in all three brain regions. DHT treatment yielded similar results, significantly reducing Abeta accumulation across brain regions. Interestingly, E2 prevented Abeta accumulation in hippocampus but exerted only partial effects in subiculum and amygdala. Levels of tau hyperphosphorylation in sham GDX male 3xTg-AD mice were modest and only slightly increased by GDX. Treatment of GDX mice with T or E2 but not DHT reduced tau hyperphosphorylation to levels lower than observed in sham animals. These data suggest that testosterone regulates Abeta pathology through androgen and estrogen pathways and reduces tau pathology largely through estrogen pathways. These findings further define hormone pathways involved in regulation of AD-related pathology, information that is important for understanding disease etiology and developing pathway-specific hormone interventions.

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Depressive Symptoms in Men Aged 50 Years and Older and Their Relationship to Genetic

basskiller — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 11:03:49 GMT

Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010 Jun 25;
Schneider G, Nienhaus K, Gromoll J, Heuft G, Nieschlag E, Zitzmann M
OBJECTIVE:: Depression in aging men has been related to low sex hormone concentrations; the putatively modulating effects of the genetically determined androgen receptor (AR) cytosine-adenosine-guanine (CAG) repeat polymorphism are often not taken into account. The aim of this study was to determine how sex hormone levels and the AR polymorphism relate to depressive symptoms in aging men. METHODS:: This cross-sectional study of men aged 50 years and older included 120 consecutive patients of the Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, 76 consecutive patients of the Andrologic Clinic, and 100 participants from the community sample (CS); all participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire. Morning blood samples were analyzed for total and free testosterone, estradiol, and the AR CAG polymorphism. Patients on hormone substitution or other medication known to influence testosterone levels were excluded. RESULTS:: The two clinical samples had significantly longer AR CAG repeats and higher depression levels compared with the CS. When controlling for possible confounders, depression scores were positively correlated with CAGn (r = 0.20, df: 107, p

Hormonal approaches to male contraception.

basskiller — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 11:03:49 GMT

Curr Opin Urol. 2010 Aug 31;
Wang C, Swerdloff RS
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Condoms and vasectomy are male-controlled family planning methods but suffer from limitations in compliance (condoms) and limited reversibility (vasectomy); thus many couples desire other options. Hormonal male contraceptive methods have undergone extensive clinical trials in healthy men and shown to be efficacious, reversible and appear to be well tolerated. RECENT FINDINGS: The success rate of male hormonal contraception using injectable testosterone alone is high and comparable to methods for women. Addition of progestins to androgens improved the rate of suppression of spermatogenesis. Supported by government or nongovernment organizations, current studies aim to find the best combination of testosterone and progestins for effective spermatogenesis suppression and to explore other delivery methods for these hormones. Translation of these advances to widespread use in the developed world will need the manufacturing and marketing skills of the pharmaceutical industry. Availability of male contraceptives to the developing world may require commitments of governmental and nongovernmental agencies. In a time when imbalance of basic resources and population needs are obvious, this may prove to be a very wise investment. SUMMARY: Male hormonal contraception is efficacious, reversible and well tolerated for the target population of younger men in stable relationships. Suppression of spermatogenesis is achieved with a combination of an androgen and a progestin. Partnership with industry will accelerate the marketing of a male hormonal contraceptive. Research is ongoing on selective androgen and progesterone receptor modulators that suppress spermatogenesis, minimize potential adverse events while retaining the androgenic and gonadotropin suppressive actions.

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Oral fluoropyrimidine may augment the efficacy of aromatase inhibitor via the down-re

basskiller — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 11:03:49 GMT

Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010 Aug 31;
Nukatsuka M, Saito H, Nakagawa F, Abe M, Uchida J, Shibata J, Matsuo KI, Noguchi S, Kiniwa M
The present preclinical study was designed to evaluate a new combination therapy comprised of the aromatase inhibitor anastrozole (ANA) and the oral fluoropyrimidines, UFT and S-1 against the estrogen receptor (ER)-positive human breast cancer cell line MCF-7/Arom 14, which was stably transfected with the cDNA of human aromatase. MCF-7/Arom 14 cells showed a high aromatase activity and notably were able to grow in the presence of testosterone and estradiol (E(2)) in vitro. ANA and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) inhibited cell growth at concentrations of 0.005-10 and 0.2-5 muM, respectively, and the combination of both drugs additively inhibited cell growth. The growth of MCF-7/Arom 14 tumors was significantly inhibited by ANA and S-1 or UFT in vivo. The combination of ANA with S-1 or UFT administered using a 21-day consecutive, metronomic-like regimen significantly enhanced the antitumor efficacy, suppressing tumor growth for 2-4 times longer than monotherapy. To investigate the mechanisms by which S-1 enhances the antitumor activity of ANA, the protein and mRNA expression levels of ER-alpha in tumor tissue after treatment with S-1, ANA, and the typical chemotherapeutic agents doxorubicin (ADM) or paclitaxel (TXL) were analyzed. The protein and mRNA expression levels of ER-alpha in the tumor tissue were markedly decreased after treatment with S-1 or S-1 + ANA, but not after treatment with either ADM or TXL. The reduced ER-alpha level after S-1 treatment might contribute to the increased antitumor activity of ANA by reducing ER-alpha-induced growth signaling in addition to the decrease in estrogen production induced by ANA. Based on these results, the combination of ANA and S-1 might yield a greater benefit than other chemotherapeutic agents in postmenopausal women with ER-positive breast cancer.

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Prevention of coronary artery disease in men: Male hormone, female hormone, or both?

basskiller — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 11:03:49 GMT

Med Hypotheses. 2010 Aug 30;
Yang C, Wang X, Geng C, Ding H
Sex hormones play an important role in coronary artery disease. Although both male and female hormones have been well-documented to be able to influence vascular biology, the preventive use of sex hormones in CAD is not established. Recent progress suggests a necessity of rethinking of the use of sex hormones for CAD in both sexes. We hypothesize that a long-term and appropriate low-dose combination of male hormone and female hormone could be an effective preventive strategy for men with a high risk of but not developed CAD. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that estrogen has favorable profiles on several key CAD-associated risk factors regardless of sexes. Testosterone supplementation has been linked to a reduced risk of CAD specifically in men. In animal models the reduced risk of CAD in males administrated with testosterone is due to the conversion of testosterone into estrogen; and sex hormone ratio changes rather than each individual sex hormone were found to be the predictor of CAD in a human study, suggesting the importance of a proper ratio of estrogen:testosterone in the development of CAD. In addition, the controversy surrounding the use of hormone replacement therapy in women in turn indicates a potential beneficial effect of sex hormones in men in the prevention of CAD because of the fundamental difference between sexes. Therefore, the combined use of estrogen and testosterone for CAD in men deserves a full investigation and could provide useful information in understanding of the preventive and/or therapeutic application of sex hormones in both sexes.

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The medial preoptic nucleus integrates the central influences of testosterone on the

basskiller — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 11:03:49 GMT

J Neurosci. 2010 Sep 1; 30(35): 11762-70
Williamson M, Bingham B, Gray M, Innala L, Viau V
Testosterone contributes to sex differences in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function in humans and rodents, but the central organization of this regulation remains unclear. The medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) stands out as an important candidate in this regard because it contains androgen receptors and projects to forebrain nuclei integrating cognitive-affective information and regulating HPA responses to homeostatic threat. These include the HPA effector neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, medial amygdala, and lateral septum. To test the extent to which androgen receptors in the MPN engage these cell groups, we compared in adult male rats the effects of unilateral microimplants of testosterone and the androgen receptor antagonist hydroxyflutamide into the MPN on acute restraint induced activation and/or neuropeptide expression levels. The basic effects of these implants were lateralized to the sides of the nuclei ipsilateral to the implants. Testosterone, but not hydroxyflutamide implants, decreased stress-induced Fos and arginine vasopressin (AVP) heteronuclear RNA expression in the PVN, as well as Fos expression in the lateral septum. In unstressed animals, AVP mRNA expression in the PVN decreased and increased in response to testosterone and hydroxflutamide MPN implants, respectively. The differential influences of these implants on AVP mRNA expression were opposite in the medial amygdala. These results confirm a role for androgen receptors in the MPN to concurrently modulate neuropeptide expression and activational responses in the PVN and its extended circuitries. This suggests that the MPN is capable of bridging converging limbic influences to the HPA axis with changes in gonadal status.

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Expression of pleiotrophin in the prostate is androgen regulated and it functions as

basskiller — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 11:03:49 GMT

Prostate. 2010 Sep 1;
Orr B, Vanpoucke G, Grace OC, Smith L, Anderson RA, Riddick AC, Franco OE, Hayward SW, Thomson AA
BACKGROUND: Androgens and paracrine signaling from mesenchyme/stroma regulate development and disease of the prostate, and gene profiling studies of inductive prostate mesenchyme have identified candidate molecules such as pleiotrophin (Ptn). METHODS: Ptn transcripts and protein were localized by in situ and immunohistochemistry and Ptn mRNA was quantitated by Northern blot and qRT-PCR. Ptn function was examined by addition of hPTN protein to rat ventral prostate organ cultures, primary human fetal prostate fibroblasts, prostate cancer associated fibroblasts, and BPH1 epithelia. RESULTS: During development, Ptn transcripts and protein were expressed in ventral mesenchymal pad (VMP) and prostatic mesenchyme. Ptn was localized to mesenchyme surrounding ductal epithelial tips undergoing branching morphogenesis, and was located on the surface of epithelia. hPTN protein stimulated branching morphogenesis and stromal and epithelial proliferation, when added to rat VP cultures, and also stimulated growth of fetal human prostate fibroblasts, prostate cancer associated fibroblasts, and BPH1 epithelia. PTN mRNA was enriched in patient-matched normal prostate fibroblasts versus prostate cancer associated fibroblasts. PTN also showed male enriched expression in fetal human male urethra versus female, and between wt male and ARKO male mice. Transcripts for PTN were upregulated by testosterone in fetal human prostate fibroblasts and organ cultures of female rat VMP. Ptn protein was increased by testosterone in organ cultures of female rat VMP and in rat male urethra compared to female. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that in the prostate Ptn functions as a regulator of both mesenchymal and epithelial proliferation, and that androgens regulate Ptn levels. Prostate (c) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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